Selenium with Java Tutorial

# Verify Java installation
java -version
javac -version
 
# Expected output
# java version "17.0.2" 2022-01-18 LTS

# Verify Maven installation
mvn -version
 
# Expected output
# Apache Maven 3.9.0

# Windows (System Properties > Environment Variables)
JAVA_HOME = C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-17
MAVEN_HOME = C:\Program Files\Apache\maven
 
# Add to PATH
%JAVA_HOME%\bin
%MAVEN_HOME%\bin

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
 
    <groupId>com.yourcompany</groupId>
    <artifactId>selenium-tests</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
 
    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
        <selenium.version>4.21.0</selenium.version>
        <testng.version>7.9.0</testng.version>
        <webdrivermanager.version>5.8.0</webdrivermanager.version>
    </properties>
 
    <dependencies>
        <!-- Selenium WebDriver -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
            <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
            <version>${selenium.version}</version>
        </dependency>
 
        <!-- WebDriver Manager (auto driver management) -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.github.bonigarcia</groupId>
            <artifactId>webdrivermanager</artifactId>
            <version>${webdrivermanager.version}</version>
        </dependency>
 
        <!-- TestNG -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.testng</groupId>
            <artifactId>testng</artifactId>
            <version>${testng.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
 
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.2.5</version>
                <configuration>
                    <suiteXmlFiles>
                        <suiteXmlFile>testng.xml</suiteXmlFile>
                    </suiteXmlFiles>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

selenium-tests/
├── src/
│   ├── main/
│   │   └── java/
│   │       └── com/yourcompany/
│   │           └── pages/        # Page Objects
│   └── test/
│       └── java/
│           └── com/yourcompany/
│               └── tests/        # Test classes
├── pom.xml
└── testng.xml

package com.yourcompany.tests;
 
import io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
 
public class FirstTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Setup ChromeDriver automatically
        WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
 
        // Create driver instance
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
 
        try {
            // Navigate to URL
            driver.get("https://www.google.com");
 
            // Find search box and enter text
            WebElement searchBox = driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
            searchBox.sendKeys("Selenium WebDriver");
            searchBox.submit();
 
            // Print page title
            System.out.println("Page title: " + driver.getTitle());
 
        } finally {
            // Close browser
            driver.quit();
        }
    }
}

package com.yourcompany.tests;
 
import io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.*;
 
public class GoogleSearchTest {
    private WebDriver driver;
 
    @BeforeClass
    public void setupClass() {
        WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
    }
 
    @BeforeMethod
    public void setup() {
        driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
    }
 
    @Test
    public void testGoogleSearch() {
        driver.get("https://www.google.com");
 
        WebElement searchBox = driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
        searchBox.sendKeys("Selenium Java");
        searchBox.submit();
 
        Assert.assertTrue(driver.getTitle().contains("Selenium Java"),
            "Search results should show Selenium Java");
    }
 
    @AfterMethod
    public void teardown() {
        if (driver != null) {
            driver.quit();
        }
    }
}

// Chrome
WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
 
// Firefox
WebDriverManager.firefoxdriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
 
// Edge
WebDriverManager.edgedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver();

// Chrome with options
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--headless");          // Headless mode
options.addArguments("--disable-gpu");
options.addArguments("--window-size=1920,1080");
options.addArguments("--incognito");         // Incognito mode
options.addArguments("--disable-notifications");
 
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://example.com");
driver.navigate().to("https://example.com");
 
// Browser navigation
driver.navigate().back();
driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().refresh();
 
// Get page info
String title = driver.getTitle();
String url = driver.getCurrentUrl();
String source = driver.getPageSource();

// Maximize window
driver.manage().window().maximize();
 
// Set specific size
driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1920, 1080));
 
// Full screen
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();

// By ID (preferred when available)
driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
 
// By Name
driver.findElement(By.name("email"));
 
// By Class Name (single class only)
driver.findElement(By.className("btn-primary"));
 
// By Tag Name
driver.findElements(By.tagName("input"));
 
// By Link Text (exact match)
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Sign In"));
 
// By Partial Link Text
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Sign"));
 
// By CSS Selector (recommended)
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#login-form input[type='email']"));
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".btn.btn-primary"));
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[data-testid='submit-btn']"));
 
// By XPath (when CSS can't do it)
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[text()='Submit']"));
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='email']/../label"));

// By ID
By.cssSelector("#elementId")
 
// By class
By.cssSelector(".className")
 
// By attribute
By.cssSelector("[name='email']")
By.cssSelector("input[type='text']")
 
// Partial attribute match
By.cssSelector("[id*='partial']")     // Contains
By.cssSelector("[id^='start']")       // Starts with
By.cssSelector("[id$='end']")         // Ends with
 
// Hierarchy
By.cssSelector("form > input")        // Direct child
By.cssSelector("form input")          // Any descendant
By.cssSelector("label + input")       // Adjacent sibling
 
// nth-child
By.cssSelector("tr:nth-child(2)")     // Second row
By.cssSelector("li:first-child")
By.cssSelector("li:last-child")

// Find all links
List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
System.out.println("Found " + links.size() + " links");
 
// Iterate through elements
for (WebElement link : links) {
    System.out.println(link.getText() + " -> " + link.getAttribute("href"));
}
 
// Find elements within element
WebElement container = driver.findElement(By.id("nav"));
List<WebElement> navLinks = container.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
 
// Click
element.click();
 
// Type text
element.sendKeys("test@example.com");
 
// Clear field
element.clear();
 
// Submit form
element.submit();
 
// Get text content
String text = element.getText();
 
// Get attribute value
String value = element.getAttribute("value");
String placeholder = element.getAttribute("placeholder");
 
// Check element state
boolean displayed = element.isDisplayed();
boolean enabled = element.isEnabled();
boolean selected = element.isSelected();

import org.openqa.selenium.Keys;
 
WebElement input = driver.findElement(By.id("search"));
 
// Special keys
input.sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);
input.sendKeys(Keys.TAB);
input.sendKeys(Keys.ESCAPE);
 
// Key combinations
input.sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "a");  // Select all
input.sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "c");  // Copy
 
// Clear and type
input.sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "a", Keys.DELETE);
input.sendKeys("new text");

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;
 
WebElement dropdown = driver.findElement(By.id("country"));
Select select = new Select(dropdown);
 
// Select by visible text
select.selectByVisibleText("United States");
 
// Select by value attribute
select.selectByValue("US");
 
// Select by index (0-based)
select.selectByIndex(2);
 
// Get selected option
WebElement selected = select.getFirstSelectedOption();
System.out.println("Selected: " + selected.getText());
 
// Get all options
List<WebElement> options = select.getOptions();
 
// Multi-select dropdowns
if (select.isMultiple()) {
    select.deselectAll();
    select.selectByVisibleText("Option 1");
    select.selectByVisibleText("Option 2");
}

// Checkbox
WebElement checkbox = driver.findElement(By.id("remember-me"));
if (!checkbox.isSelected()) {
    checkbox.click();
}
 
// Radio button
WebElement radio = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[value='option1']"));
radio.click();
 
// Verify selection
Assert.assertTrue(checkbox.isSelected());

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import java.time.Duration;
 
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
 
// Wait for element to be visible
WebElement element = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("result"))
);
 
// Wait for element to be clickable
WebElement button = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id("submit"))
);
button.click();
 
// Wait for text to appear
wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.textToBePresentInElementLocated(
        By.id("status"), "Complete"
    )
);
 
// Wait for element to disappear
wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("loader"))
);
 
// Wait for URL to change
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.urlContains("/dashboard"));

// Presence (in DOM, may be hidden)
ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(locator)
 
// Visibility (in DOM and visible)
ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(locator)
 
// Clickable (visible and enabled)
ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(locator)
 
// Text present
ExpectedConditions.textToBePresentInElement(element, text)
 
// Attribute value
ExpectedConditions.attributeToBe(locator, attribute, value)
 
// Frame available
ExpectedConditions.frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt(locator)
 
// Alert present
ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent()

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.FluentWait;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException;
import org.openqa.selenium.StaleElementReferenceException;
 
Wait<WebDriver> fluentWait = new FluentWait<>(driver)
    .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
    .pollingEvery(Duration.ofMillis(500))
    .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class)
    .ignoring(StaleElementReferenceException.class);
 
WebElement element = fluentWait.until(driver ->
    driver.findElement(By.id("dynamic-content"))
);

import org.testng.annotations.*;
 
public class TestNGExample {
 
    @BeforeSuite
    public void beforeSuite() {
        // Runs once before entire suite
    }
 
    @BeforeClass
    public void beforeClass() {
        // Runs once before all tests in class
    }
 
    @BeforeMethod
    public void setUp() {
        // Runs before each test method
    }
 
    @Test(priority = 1)
    public void testLogin() {
        // Test method
    }
 
    @Test(priority = 2, dependsOnMethods = "testLogin")
    public void testDashboard() {
        // Runs after testLogin
    }
 
    @Test(enabled = false)
    public void skippedTest() {
        // This test is disabled
    }
 
    @AfterMethod
    public void tearDown() {
        // Runs after each test method
    }
 
    @AfterClass
    public void afterClass() {
        // Runs once after all tests in class
    }
 
    @AfterSuite
    public void afterSuite() {
        // Runs once after entire suite
    }
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="Regression Suite" parallel="methods" thread-count="4">
 
    <test name="Login Tests">
        <classes>
            <class name="com.yourcompany.tests.LoginTest"/>
        </classes>
    </test>
 
    <test name="Search Tests">
        <parameter name="browser" value="chrome"/>
        <classes>
            <class name="com.yourcompany.tests.SearchTest"/>
        </classes>
    </test>
 
</suite>

@Test(dataProvider = "loginData")
public void testLogin(String username, String password, boolean shouldPass) {
    loginPage.login(username, password);
 
    if (shouldPass) {
        Assert.assertTrue(dashboard.isDisplayed());
    } else {
        Assert.assertTrue(loginPage.getErrorMessage().isDisplayed());
    }
}
 
@DataProvider(name = "loginData")
public Object[][] getLoginData() {
    return new Object[][] {
        {"validuser@test.com", "ValidPass123", true},
        {"invalid@test.com", "wrong", false},
        {"", "password", false},
        {"user@test.com", "", false}
    };
}

package com.yourcompany.pages;
 
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import java.time.Duration;
 
public class LoginPage {
    private WebDriver driver;
    private WebDriverWait wait;
 
    // Locators
    private By usernameField = By.id("username");
    private By passwordField = By.id("password");
    private By loginButton = By.id("login-btn");
    private By errorMessage = By.className("error-message");
 
    public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
        this.wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
    }
 
    // Actions
    public void enterUsername(String username) {
        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(usernameField))
            .sendKeys(username);
    }
 
    public void enterPassword(String password) {
        driver.findElement(passwordField).sendKeys(password);
    }
 
    public DashboardPage clickLogin() {
        driver.findElement(loginButton).click();
        return new DashboardPage(driver);
    }
 
    public DashboardPage login(String username, String password) {
        enterUsername(username);
        enterPassword(password);
        return clickLogin();
    }
 
    public String getErrorText() {
        return wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(errorMessage))
            .getText();
    }
 
    public boolean isLoginPageDisplayed() {
        return driver.findElement(usernameField).isDisplayed();
    }
}

package com.yourcompany.pages;
 
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;
 
public class LoginPageFactory {
    private WebDriver driver;
 
    @FindBy(id = "username")
    private WebElement usernameField;
 
    @FindBy(id = "password")
    private WebElement passwordField;
 
    @FindBy(id = "login-btn")
    private WebElement loginButton;
 
    @FindBy(css = ".error-message")
    private WebElement errorMessage;
 
    public LoginPageFactory(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
        PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
    }
 
    public void login(String username, String password) {
        usernameField.sendKeys(username);
        passwordField.sendKeys(password);
        loginButton.click();
    }
}

package com.yourcompany.tests;
 
import com.yourcompany.pages.LoginPage;
import com.yourcompany.pages.DashboardPage;
import io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.*;
 
public class LoginTest {
    private WebDriver driver;
    private LoginPage loginPage;
 
    @BeforeMethod
    public void setup() {
        WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
        driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.get("https://example.com/login");
        loginPage = new LoginPage(driver);
    }
 
    @Test
    public void testValidLogin() {
        DashboardPage dashboard = loginPage.login("user@test.com", "password123");
        Assert.assertTrue(dashboard.isWelcomeMessageDisplayed());
    }
 
    @Test
    public void testInvalidLogin() {
        loginPage.login("invalid@test.com", "wrongpassword");
        Assert.assertEquals(loginPage.getErrorText(), "Invalid credentials");
    }
 
    @AfterMethod
    public void teardown() {
        if (driver != null) {
            driver.quit();
        }
    }
}

import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;
 
// Wait for alert
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(5));
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
 
// Get alert text
String alertText = alert.getText();
 
// Accept alert (OK)
alert.accept();
 
// Dismiss alert (Cancel)
alert.dismiss();
 
// Send text to prompt
alert.sendKeys("Input text");
alert.accept();

// Switch to frame by name or ID
driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");
 
// Switch to frame by index
driver.switchTo().frame(0);
 
// Switch to frame by WebElement
WebElement frameElement = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("iframe.main"));
driver.switchTo().frame(frameElement);
 
// Switch back to main content
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
 
// Switch to parent frame
driver.switchTo().parentFrame();

// Get current window handle
String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
 
// Click link that opens new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open New Window")).click();
 
// Get all window handles
Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();
 
// Switch to new window
for (String handle : handles) {
    if (!handle.equals(mainWindow)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(handle);
        break;
    }
}
 
// Do something in new window
System.out.println("New window title: " + driver.getTitle());
 
// Close new window and return to main
driver.close();
driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
 
// Scroll to element
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("footer"));
js.executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);", element);
 
// Scroll by pixels
js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0, 500)");
 
// Click via JavaScript (bypasses overlays)
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", element);
 
// Get computed style
String color = (String) js.executeScript(
    "return window.getComputedStyle(arguments[0]).color;", element
);
 
// Wait for page load
js.executeScript("return document.readyState").equals("complete");

import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;
 
// Take screenshot
File screenshot = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
 
// Save to file
FileUtils.copyFile(screenshot, new File("screenshots/test-failure.png"));
 
// Screenshot as Base64 (for reports)
String base64 = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.BASE64);

// Instead of manually managing drivers
// System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "/path/to/chromedriver");
 
// Use WebDriver Manager
WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();

@AfterMethod(alwaysRun = true)
public void teardown() {
    if (driver != null) {
        driver.quit();
    }
}

// Avoid
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
 
// Prefer
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(locator));

public abstract class BaseTest {
    protected WebDriver driver;
    protected WebDriverWait wait;
 
    @BeforeMethod
    public void baseSetup() {
        WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
        driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
    }
 
    @AfterMethod(alwaysRun = true)
    public void baseTeardown() {
        if (driver != null) {
            driver.quit();
        }
    }
}

// Avoid generic assertions
Assert.assertTrue(element.isDisplayed());
 
// Use descriptive messages
Assert.assertTrue(element.isDisplayed(),
    "Login button should be visible on the page");